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Aqua Tofana (also known as Acqua Toffana, Aqua Tophana, and Aqua Tufania and "Manna di San Nicola") was a strong poison that was reputedly widely used in Naples and Rome, Italy. During the early 17th century Giulia Tofana, or Tofania, an infamous lady from Palermo, made a good business for over fifty years selling her large production (she employed her daughter and several other lady helpers) of Aqua Tofana to would-be widows. Aqua Tofana (literally meaning "Tofana water") was either the creation of Giulia Tofana or an older recipe that had been refined by Tofana and her daughter, Girolama Spera, around 1650 in Rome. The 'tradename' "Manna di San Nicola", i.e. "Manna of St. Nicholas of Bari" might have been a marketing device intended to divert the authorities, since the poison was openly sold both as a cosmetic and a devotionary object in vials that included a picture of St. Nicholas. Some of her customers claimed to have used it for its advertised purposes and only caused deaths accidentally. Over 600 victims are known to have died from this poison, mostly husbands of unhappy spouses. Tofana was arrested and confessed to producing the poison, and she implicated a number of her clients, claiming that they knew exactly what they were buying. She was executed in July 1659. There was much disquiet throughout Italy and many of her clients fled, while others were strangled in prison, and indeed many were publicly executed. Between 1666 and 1676 the Marchioness de Brinvilliers poisoned her father, two brothers, amongst others, and was executed on July 16, 1676.〔''Dictionary of Dates'' by Benjamin Vincent, London 1863.〕 The ingredients of the mixture are basically known but not how they were blended. Aqua Tofana contained mostly arsenic and lead and possibly belladonna. It was a colorless, tasteless liquid and so easily mixed with water or wine to be served during meals. The legend that Mozart (1756—1791) might have been poisoned using Aqua Tofana〔Chorley, Henry Fothergill. 1854. ''Modern German Music: Recollections and Criticisms''. London: Smith, Elder & Co., p. 193.〕 is completely unsubstantiated, even though it was Mozart himself who started this rumor.〔Robbins Landon, H. C., ''1791: Mozart's Last Year'', Schirmer Books, New York (1988), pp. 148 ff.〕 Tofana is in many sources confused with Hieronyma Spara, "La Spara", a woman with a similar profession in Italy about the same time. Probably this is another name for the 'astroliga della Lungara'. ==References== * Stuart, David C. ''Dangerous Garden''. Frances Lincoln ltd, 2004. * The most reliable source for the story of Toffana is ''Vita di Alessandro VII'' by Cardinal Pallavicini() 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aqua Tofana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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